GLYCOLYSIS AND TCA CYCLE

  GLYCOLYSIS....

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway in which glucose is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvates. This reaction takes place in the cytosol of every cell. It consists of an energy investment and energy generation phase where for every glucose molecule that enters the pathway,  ATP & 2 NADH+ is consumed and 4 ATP & 2 NADH is generated. Therefore there is a net gain of 2 ATP & 2 NADH.

There is a total of 10 enzyme reaction occurring in glycolysis with 3 being irreversible, where the delta G value is negative, and 7 being reversible, where the delta G value is near zero.

 

overall reaction:  

 C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P -----> 2 (CH3(C=O)COOH + 2 ATP +

                                                         2 NADH + 2 H+ 

          

  TCA CYCLE (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)....

  TCA is a cycle of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells that is the final series of reactions of aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids, and by which carbon dioxide is produced, oxygen is reduced, and ATP is formed.

   Steps of TCA cycle:

                      01. Citrate synthase

                      02 .Acontinase

                      03. Isocitrate dehydrogenase

                      04. Alpha Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

                      05. Succinyl-CoA synthetase 

                    

 GLYCOLYSIS AND TCA CYCLE:             

  

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GLUCONEOGENESIS

Glucose is a key metabolite in human metabolism, but it is not always available at sufficient levels in the diet. Therefore, a pathway exists that converts other foodstuffs into glucose. This pathway is called gluconeogenesis.

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